Responses

Response 1

Impact of terrorism on children

Terrorism is the use of violent behavior against, or the administration of severe bodily anguish on inhabitants or citizens to stress and manipulate other noncombatants (Nash, & Scott, 2012). However, there are different root causes of terrorism which includes social, political, and economic factors and economic factor being the most common cause of terrorism (Butler, 2012). This discussion is going to focus the psychological issues related to the impact of terrorism on children, the measures used to assess, the treatment options and the cultural implications of the impact of terrorism on children and adolescents

Psychological Issues of the Impact of Terrorism on Children and Adolescents

In recent times, there has been growing literature on the effect of terrorism on children and adolescents as well as other methods of terrorism of trauma. The extreme and persistent stimulation of trauma reaction systems in a child can have a negative impact on knowledge, performance, and wellbeing through an individual’s lifetime (Leiner, Peinado, Villanos, Lopez, Uribe, & Pathak, 2016). The most common impact of terrorism on children and adolescents is anxiety (Sadock, Sadock, & Ruiz, 2014). Children and adolescents developed psychological disorders like posttraumatic stress disorder, suicidal ideation, anxiety disorder, depression, emotional numbness, behavior disorders with potential academic and non-academic significances when exposure to any traumatic event or terrorism( Grenon, Consigny, Lemey, Simson, & Coulon, 2019). However, some children become extremely preoccupied with fears about unrelated issues (Sadock, Sadock, & Ruiz, 2014).

Assessment Measures

An assessment measure must be done after exposure to terrorism and traumatic events to determine whether the children or adolescents have developed any risk that affects his or her behavior or emotions. The children’s PTSD inventory (CPTSDI) is a clinician-administered measure for children ages 6-18 based on the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD (Kletter, Rialon, Laor, Brom, Pat-Horenczyk, Shaheen, & Lieberman, 2013). It is the first screened for exposure to various traumatic events by being asked if he or she ever experienced it or felt upset for not being able to stop it from happening(Kletter, Rialon, Laor, Brom, Pat-Horenczyk, Shaheen, & Lieberman, 2013). It assesses situational reactivity, reexperiencing, avoidance and numbing, increased arousal, and significant impairment (Kletter, Rialon, Laor, Brom, Pat-Horenczyk, Shaheen, & Lieberman, 2013).

The Treatment Options Available for Children and Adolescents

For terrorism and traumatic events treatment or intervention, the public health services or universal preventive services develop pre- and post-disaster interventions to address children and adolescents who have a high risk of exposure to the events. The intervention is to teach children, stabilize their responses, manage their feelings, and control their anxiety, improve coping and provide community support (Pfefferbaum, Varma, Nitiéma, & Newman, 2014). However, some of the therapy used with children affected by terrorism are psychoeducation, exposure/narrative, relaxation skills, stress management, and social support (Pfefferbaum, Varma, Nitiéma, & Newman, 2014).

How May Culture Influence Treatment

Culture has a significant influence on every treatment choice. People need to understand the factors that promote resiliency fosters an awareness of how children respond differently to the same trauma and informs treatment (Kletter, Rialon, Laor, Brom, Pat-Horenczyk, Shaheen, & Lieberman, 2013). The question is how can other children function effectively during difficulty and others cannot? I think it is how everyone views resiliency value. Resiliency must also be considered as the capacity to grow and respond to challenges while maintaining positive mental health and developmental outcomes (Kletter, Rialon, Laor, Brom, Pat-Horenczyk, Shaheen, & Lieberman, 2013).

Response 2

Explain the psychological issues that may result from foster care.

When children in the United States are abused or neglected, government agencies sometimes remove them from their homes and place them in foster care with the goal of providing a safer, more stable environment (Ordway, 2017). Foster care (also known as out-of-home care) is a temporary service provided by States for children who cannot live with their families. Evidence from studies indicate that children in foster care experience significant developmental, psychological, behavioral, and emotional problems which usually impact their social relationships and well-being. This occurs because the situation is usually stressful for the child who experiences the family breakdown and disconnect. The child copes with the stress by expressing emotional and psychological deviancy that is reported as deteriorating wellbeing presented as delinquency. In essence, a child subjected to foster care is likely to have a change in culture, religion and lifestyle along with adopting new social skills. This means that as the child witnessed the family breakdown that necessitated a relocation into foster care, the same breakdown would be exhibited in terms of health and social behavior (Mash & Wolfe, 2012).

Describe the most effective assessment measure that could be used, and explain why you selected this.

A child placed in foster care is likely to suffer from an adjustment disorder. Adjustment disorder as established by the DSM 5 is the development of emotional and behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor(s) occurring within 3 months of the stressor occurring (American psychological association, 2013).The most effective assessment measure is to conduct interviews with the child, family members, schoolmates, neighbors, religious guides, and other members of the community who have regular contact with the child. These persons are selected because they are able to easily identify any behavioral changes based on a timeline to show whether placing the child on foster care had a negative effect on the child psychologically. A detailed personal history of development, life events, emotions, behaviors and the identified stressful event is obtained during the interview. The assumption is that changes in living conditions increases stress levels. The changes include environmental adjustments in schooling, homes and childcare. The environmental adjustments are accompanied by comparable adjustment in relationships. This creates a stressful environment. The stress accumulates over time and is medically characterized as adjustment disorder since the child is unable to settle down and cope with the demands of a new environment that includes new people and customs (Smith, Cowie & Blades, 2015). In this respect, the assessment would note if the child experienced environmental changes that may have introduced new people to be accompanied by adjustment problems.

Explain the treatment options available for children and adolescents involved with your selected disorder.

Specific treatment for adjustment disorders in these children will be decided by the child’s health care provider based on the child’s age, overall health and medical history, the extent of the child’s symptoms, subtype of the adjustment disorder etc.

There are two treatment options for adjustment disorder in children. The first option is the use of psychotherapy in which the child is subjected to a talking with a therapist. In this case, the therapist encourages the child to explore the causes of the condition while using constructive approaches to create a supportive environment. The therapy would also help the child to develop healthier strategies for addressing stress. The sessions should also include segments for other family members to enable them to support the child during recovery. In individual psychotherapy, Cognitive-behavioral approaches are used to improve age-appropriate problem-solving skills, communication skills, impulse control, anger management skills and stress management skills. Family therapy is often focused on making needed changes within the family system, like improving communication skills and family interactions. An additional area of focus is to increase family support among family members. Peer group therapy is often focused on developing and using social skills and interpersonal skills.

Although medications have been said to have limited value in the treatment of adjustment disorders, anti-depressant and anti-anxiety medications are typically used to complement psychotherapy since the former offers more immediate and short-term relief while the later offers delayed and longer-term relief (Mash & Wolfe, 2012).

Explain how culture may influence treatment.

Culture influences treatment in a range of ways. Given that individuals vary in the extent to which they demonstrate culturally normative behavior and that there is considerable variability in empirically based knowledge about cultural influences on psychopathology, clinicians should use clinical recommendations judiciously. Firstly, culture determines whether or not the diagnosis will be accepted. Some cultures do not accept the existence of psychological conditions and might propose that the child is either having a tantrum or has been possessed by evil spirits. Secondly, culture might influence the assessment in terms of the form of contact during treatment such as having eye contact. Finally, culture can influence willingness to discuss symptoms thereby impacting the diagnosis (Woodside & McClam, 2015).

Each response with 2 references each.Thank you

6 hours ago

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2 pages, Double Spacing All American Career College

Masters Nursing

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