Case and Cohort Studies

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The epidemic of 2019 novel coronavirus (now called SARS-CoV-2, causing the disease COVID-19) has expanded from Wuhan throughout China and is being exported to a growing number of countries, some of which have seen onward transmission. Early efforts have focused on describing the clinical course, counting severe cases, and treating the sick. Conducting cohort studies in well-defined settings such as schools, workplaces, or neighborhoods (community surveys) can help in describing the overall burden and the household and community attack rate; perhaps most important, it can permit rapid assessment of the severity of the epidemic by counting the number of illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths in a well-defined population and extrapolating that rate to the larger population. Understanding transmissibility remains crucial for predicting the course of the epidemic and the likelihood of sustained transmission (Lipsitch, Swerdlow, & Finelli, 2020).
Household studies can also help define the role that subclinical, asymptomatic, and mild infections play in transmission to inform evidence-based decisions about prioritization of control measures; measures that depend on identification and isolation of symptomatic persons will be far more effective if those persons have the primary role in transmission. On the other hand, if persons without symptoms can transmit the virus, more emphasis should be placed on measures for social distancing, such as closing schools and avoiding mass gatherings. To evaluate whether the risks that school closure poses to children’s well-being and education and productivity if working parents are needed for childcare are justified, we must learn whether children are an important source of transmission. Household studies can also be used to conduct viral shedding studies that can help determine when patients are most infectious and for how long they should be isolated.
Case-Control study design is a type of observational study. In this design, participants are selected for the study based on their outcome status. Thus, some participants have the outcome of interest (referred to as cases), whereas others do not have the outcome of interest (referred to as controls). The investigator then assesses the exposure in both these groups. (Setia, 2016)

Reference
Lipsitch, M., Swerdlow, D.L., & Finelli, L. (2020). Defining the Epidemiology of Covid-19 — Studies Needed. N Engl J Med. 382. pp 1194-1196. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2002125
Setia M. S. (2016). Methodology Series Module 2: Case-control Studies. Indian journal of dermatology, 61(2), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.177773

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REQUIREMENTS

NYU

Masters Health & Medical

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apa 319 words

Case and Cohort Studies

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